Keywords
Mídias sociais
Eleições brasileiras
Corrida eleitoral
Jair Bolsonaro
How to Cite
Abstract
ABSTRACT – The main objective of this paper is to understand populism and its relationship with social media, in particular, to analyze the official Twitter account of the former presidential candidate of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro. This paper starts with a theoretical review of the definition of populism presented by classic authors such as Boyte and Riessman (1986) and Bell (1992), and by more contemporary authors such as Mudde (2004), Panizza (2005), and Müller (2016). This article also seeks to identify whether the key characteristics of populism were present in the political campaign narratives. Starting from a qualitative and quantitative analysis of content shared on Twitter, we identified populist messages in Bolsonaro’s election campaigns, particularly ones that tend to blame the elites and trigger society’s fears.
RESUMO – O principal objetivo deste artigo é compreender o populismo e a sua relação com as redes sociais, em particular, analisar a conta oficial do Twitter do então candidato a presidente do Brasil Jair Bolsonaro. Partindo de um levantamento teórico sobre a definição do populismo, desde autores clássicos como Boyte e Riessman (1986) e Bell (1992), até outros da atualidade como Mudde (2004), Panizza (2005) e Müller (2016), o artigo procura, também, entender se as características-chave do populismo estiveram presentes nas narrativas da candidatura de Bolsonaro. Partindo de uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa do conteúdo partilhado no Twitter, demonstrou-se a presença de mensagens populistas nas campanhas deste político, em particular numa dimensão relacionada com a culpabilização das elites e o instigar dos medos da sociedade.
RESUMEN - El objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprender el populismo y su relación con las redes sociales, en particular, analizar la cuenta oficial de Twitter del entonces candidato a la presidencia de Brasil Jair Bolsonaro. Partiendo de una revisión teórica de la definición de populismo, desde autores clásicos como Boyte y Riessman (1986) y Bell (1992), hasta otros de la actualidad como Mudde (2004), Müller (2016) y Panizza (2005), el artículo busca, además, comprender si las características clave del populismo estuvieron presentes en las narrativas de la candidatura de Bolsonaro. A partir de un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo del contenido compartido en Twitter, se demostró la presencia de mensajes populistas en las campañas de este político brasileño, particularmente en una dimensión relacionada con la culpabilización de las élites y la instigación de los miedos de la sociedad.
References
Aggio, C. (2011, abril). As campanhas políticas no Twitter: Uma análise do padrão de comunicação política dos três principais candidatos à presidência do Brasil em 2010. IV Encontro da Compolítica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Recuperado em 12 de novembro, 2019, de http://www.compolitica.org/home/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/AGGIO-Camilo.pdf
Bartlett, J. (2014). Populism, Social Media and Democratic Strain. European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate, 99-114. Recuperado em Janeiro 18, 2020, de https://fores.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/european-populism-and-winning-the-immigration-debate.pdf
Bell, J. (1992). Populiam and elitism, politics in the age of equality. Washington, DC: Regenery Gateway.
Biju, P. R. (2019). Political internet: State and Politics in the Age of Social Media. Routledge: London.
Bimber, B. (1998). The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism. Polity, 31(1), 133-160. DOI: 10.2307/3235370
Bimber, B., & Davis, R. (2003). Campaigning Online: The Internet in U.S. Elections. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
Bloom, Melvyn H. (1973). Public Relations and Presidential Campaigns: A crisis in democracy. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
Boyte, H. C., & Riessman, F. (1986). The New populism: The politics of empowerment. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Campenhoudt, Luc Van, & Quivy, Raymond. (2008). Manual de investigação em ciências sociais. Lisboa: Gradiva.
Castells, Manuel. (2009). Communication power (in). Oxford: Oxforf University Press.
Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F. & Büchel, F. (2017) Populism and social media: how politicians spread a fragmented ideology, Information, Communication & Society, 20:8, 1109-1126, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697
Ernst, N., Engesser, S., Büchel, F. Blassnig, S. & Esser, F. (2017). Extreme parties and populism: an analysis of Facebook and Twitter across six countries, Information, Communication & Society, 20:9, 1347-1364, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329333
Fernández-García, B., & Luengo, Ó G. (2018). Populist parties in Western Europe. An analysis of the three core elements of populism. Communication & Society, 31, 57-76. doi:10.15581/003.31.3.57-76
Fitzi, G., Mackert, J., & Turner, B. S. (Eds.). (2019). Populism and the crisis of democracy, Politics, Social Movements and Extremism. (Vol. 2). New York: Routledge.
Galito, M. S. (2018). Populism as a political phenomenon. JANUS.NET E-journal of International Relations, 9(1), 53-69. doi:10.26619/1647-7251.9.1.4
Goodwyn, Lawrence. (1981). The Populist moment : a short history of the agrarian revolt in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harris, Fred R. (1973). The new populism (in). New York: Saturday Review Press.
Highfield, T. (2016). Social Media and Everyday Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hofstadter, Richard. (1955). The age of reform : from Bryan to F.D.R. (in). New York :: Vintage Books.
Kelly, Stanley. (1960). Political campaigning. Problems in creating an informed electorate. Washington: The Brookings Institution.
Kelly, Stanley. (1983). Interpreting elections. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Key, Valdimer O. (1967 [1961]). Public Opinion and American Democracy (in). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Larson, Robert W. (1986). Populism in the Mountain West (in). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Le Bon, Gustave (2001 [1896]). The Crown: A study of the popular mind (in (first edition 1896) ed.). Kitchener: Batoche Books.
Lévy, Pierre. (2002). Ciberdemocracia. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget.
Lippmann, Walter. (1922). Public Opinion (in). New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Lippmann, Walter. (1928). American Inquisitors: A commentary on Dayton and Chicago (in). New York: The MacMillan Company.
Lippmann, Walter. (1933). A preface to politics (in). New York: The Maclillan Company.
Matthews-Ferrero, D. (2018). Populismo europeo contemporáneo y la vuelta de la historia. Revista CIDOB D'Afers Internacionals, (119), 85-112. doi:10.24241/rcai.2018.119.2.85
Moore, M. (2019). Democracia manipulada. Carcavelos: Editora Self.
Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541-563. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
Müller, J.-W. (2016). What is populism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Norris, Pippa. (2000). A Virtuous Circle: Political Communication in Postindustrial Societies (in). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ostler, Jeffrey. (1993). Prairie populism (in). Kansas City: University Press of Kansas.
Pamerlee, J. H., & Bichard, S. L. (2012). Politics and the Twitter Revolution: How Tweets Influence the Relationship between Political Leaders and the Public. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
Panizza, F. (Ed.). (2005). Populism and the mirror of democracy. London: Verso.
Parmelee, J. H. (2013). The agenda-building function of political tweets. New Media and Society, 16(3), 434–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487955
Pollack, Norman. (1962). The populist response to industrial America : midwestern populist thought (in). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Retamozo, M. (2014). Populismo en América Latina: Desde la teoría hacia el análisis político. Discurso, sujeto e inclusión en el caso argentino. Colombia Internacional, 82, 221-258. doi:10.7440/colombiaint82.2014.09
Taras, David; Davis, Richard (2019). Power Shift? Political Leadership and Social Media. Routledge: London
Tarde, Gabriel. (1901). L'Opinion et la Foule (in). Paris: Felix Alcan.
Teixeira, V. C. (2018). Competição eleitoral no cenário brasileiro utilizando a internet: Ágora ou Clientela. Esferas, 12, 9-18. Recuperado em Janeiro 7 2019 https://portalrevistas.ucb.br/index.php/esf/article/view/8267/5945
Tormey, S. (2019). Populismo uma breve introdução (1st ed.). São Paulo, SP: Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda.
Urman A. Context matters: political polarization on Twitter from a comparative perspective. Media, Culture & Society. 2020;42(6):857-879. doi:10.1177/0163443719876541
Weller, K., Bruns, A., Burgess, J., Mahrt, M., & Puschmann, C. (Eds.). (2014). Twitter and society (Vol. 89). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
White, Theodore H. (1964). The Making of the President 1964. New York: Atheneum Publishers.
Wieviorka, M. (1993). A Democracia à prova. Nacionalismo, Populismo e Etnicidade. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Brazilian Journalism Reasearch