Palavras-chave
Elite sources
Elite-to-elite communication model
Economic journalism
Economic crisis
Como Citar
Resumo
ABSTRACT – Is economic journalism always dependent on elitist news sources or are there particular situations that can mitigate this pattern? The economic crisis of 2008 has specific characteristics that distinguish it from the issues usually covered by economic journalism, so a different pattern in the use of sources could be expected, especially if we consider the changing economic and political circumstances throughout the crisis. To explore this question, we conducted a content analysis of the crisis coverage of representative Spanish newspapers between 2008 and 2015. The results show that the political and economic elites were the dominant sources, meanwhile, other non-elite agents had little presence. This imbalance is not modified by the ideological and geographical profiles of the newspapers, or by the different phases of the crisis. However, we found intra-elite alterations over time: the actors with more decision-making power at each period had more presence as sources.
RESUMO – Será o jornalismo econômico sempre dependente das fontes de elite ou existem determinadas situações que podem mitigar este padrão? A crise econômica de 2008 tem caraterísticas específicas que a distinguem dos assuntos habitualmente tratados pelo jornalismo econômico, pelo que poderia ser esperado um padrão diferente no uso de fontes de notícias, especialmente se considerarmos as diferentes circunstâncias econômicas e políticas ao longo da crise. Para explorar esta questão, realizamos uma análise de conteúdo da cobertura da crise de jornais representativos do caso espanhol entre 2008 e 2015. Os resultados mostram que as elites políticas e econômicas foram as fontes dominantes, enquanto outros agentes não elitistas tiveram escassa presença. Este desequilíbrio não é alterado pelos diferentes perfis ideológicos e geográficos dos jornais, nem pelas diferentes etapas da crise. No entanto, encontramos alterações intra-elite ao longo do tempo: os atores com maior poder de tomada de decisões em cada período, tiveram mais presença como fontes.
RESUMEN – ¿Es el periodismo económico siempre dependiente de las fuentes elitistas o existen determinadas situaciones que pueden mitigar este patrón? La crisis económica de 2008 tiene características específicas que la distinguen de los asuntos habitualmente tratados por el periodismo económico, lo que permitiría esperar un patrón diferente en el uso de fuentes, especialmente si consideramos las diferentes circunstancias económicas y políticas durante la crisis. Para explorar esta cuestión, realizamos un análisis de contenido de la cobertura de la crisis de periódicos españoles representativos entre 2008 y 2015. Los resultados muestran que las élites políticas y económicas fueron las fuentes dominantes, mientras otros agentes no elitistas tuvieron escasa presencia. Este desequilibrio no es alterado por los diferentes perfiles ideológicos y geográficos de los periódicos, ni por las diferentes etapas de la crisis. Sin embargo, encontramos alteraciones intra-élite a lo largo del tiempo: aquellos actores con mayor poder de decisión en cada período tuvieron más presencia como fuentes.
Referências
AIMC (Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación) (2015). Estudio General de Medios 2015 (3ª ola). Retrieved from https://www.aimc.es/a1mc-c0nt3nt/uploads/2015/12/resumegm315.pdf
Almirón, N., & Segovia, A. I. (2012). Financialization, Economic Crisis, and Corporate Strategies in Top Media Companies: The Case of Grupo Prisa. International Journal of Communication, 6, 2894–2917. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1793/829
Arrese, Á. (2018). Austerity policies in the European press: A divided Europe? In L. Basu, S. Schifferes & S. Knowles (Eds.), The Media and Austerity: Comparative perspectives (pp. 113–127). London: Routledge.
Arrese, Á., & Vara, A. (2015). Divergent Perspectives? Financial Newspapers and the General Interest Press. In R. Picard (Ed.) The Eurocrisis in the Media: Journalistic Coverage of Economic Crisis and European Institutions (pp. 149–176). London: I.B. Tauris & Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
Arrese, Á., & Vara, A. (2016). Periodismo y economía. In M. Sobrados León (Ed.): Estudios de Periodismo Político y Económico (pp. 47–80). Madrid: Editorial Fragua.
Arrese, Á., & Vara, A. (2018). The Housing Bubble in the Spanish Press: A Media Discourse Captured by the Logic of Elite to Elite Communication Processes? The Political Economy of Communication, 6(2), 74–93.
Bardin, L. (1986). Análisis de contenido. Madrid: Akal.
Basu, L. (2019). Living within our means: The UK news construction of the austerity frame over time. Journalism, 20(2), 313-330. DOI: 10.1177/1464884917708870
Berry, M. (2013). The Today programme and the banking crisis. Journalism, 14(2), 253–270. DOI: 10.1177/1464884912458654
Berry, M. (2016). No alternative to austerity: How BBC broadcast news reported the deficit debate. Media, Culture & Society, 38(6), 844–863. DOI: 10.1177/0163443715620931
Casey, C. M. (2019). The Irish Newspapers and the Residential Property Price Boom. New Political Economy, 24(1), 144–157. DOI: 10.1080/13563467.2018.1426562
Cawley, A. (2012). Sharing the pain or shouldering the burden? News-media framing of the public sector and the private sector in Ireland during the economic crisis, 2008–2010. Journalism Studies, 13(4), 600–615. DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2011.629108
Chakravartty, P., & Schiller, D. (2010). Neoliberal Newspeak and Digital Capitalism in Crisis. International Journal of Communication, 4, 670–692. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/798/491
Davis, A. (2002). Public Relations Democracy: Public Relations, Politics and the Mass media in Britain. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Davis, A. (2003). Whither Mass Media and Power? Evidence for a Critical Elite Theory Alternative. Media, Culture & Society, 25(5), 669–690. DOI: 10.1177/01634437030255006
Doudaki, V. (2015). Legitimation Mechanisms in the Bailout Discourse. Javnost - The Public, 22(1), 1–17. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2015.1017284
Doudaki, V., Boubouka, A., Spyridou, L. P., & Tzalavras, C. (2016). Dependency, (non)liability and austerity news frames of bailout Greece. European Journal of Communication, 31(4), 426–445. DOI: 10.1177/0267323116655510
Doudaki, V., Boubouka, A., & Tzalavras, C. (2019). Framing the Cypriot economic crisis: In the service of the neoliberal vision. Journalism, 20(2), 349–368. DOI: 10.1177/1464884916663601
Doyle, G. (2006). Financial news journalism: A post-Enron analysis of approaches towards economic and financial news production in the UK. Journalism, 7(4), 433–452. DOI: 10.1177/1464884906068361
Dyck, A., & Zingales, L. (2003). The Media and Asset Prices. Harvard: Harvard Business School.
Entman, R.M. (2004). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
García-Viñó, M. (2006). El País. La cultura como negocio. Tafalla: Txalaparta.
Golding, T. (2003). The City: Inside the Great Expectations Machine: Myth and Reality in Institutional Investment and the Stock Market. London: FT Prentice Hall.
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan.
Hong, Y., & Ki, E.J. (2007). How do public relations practitioners perceive investor relations? An exploratory study. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 12(2), 199–213. DOI: 10.1108/13563280710744856
IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2020). A Crisis Like no Other, An Uncertain Recovery. Washington DC: IMF. Retrieved from:
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/06/24/WEOUpdateJune2020
Kay, J. B., & Salter, L. (2014). Framing the cuts: An analysis of the BBC’s discursive framing of the ConDem cuts agenda. Journalism, 15(6), 754–772. DOI: 10.1177/1464884913501835
Knowles, S. (2018). Financial journalists, the financial crisis and the ‘crisis’ in journalism. In L. Basu, S. Schifferes, S. Knowles (Eds.), The Media and Austerity: Comparative perspectives (pp. 183–195). London: Routledge.
Kurtz, H. (2000). The Fortune Tellers: Inside Wall Street’s Game of Money, Media and Manipulation. New York: Free Press.
Lewis, J., Williams, A., & Franklin, B. (2008). A Compromised Fourth Estate? UK news journalism, public relations and news sources. Journalism Studies, 9(1), 1–20. DOI: 10.1080/14616700701767974
López-López, P. C. (2015). A construción da axenda política, mediática e pública nas eleccións galegas do ano 2009. Estratexia partidaria, produción da información e cidadania (Doctoral Dissertation). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela.
López-López, P. C., & Puentes-Rivera, I. (2017). A axenda política das eleccións primarias á Secretaría Xeral do PSOE no xornal El País. In Actas Do I Congreso Internacional de AGACOM: Alén das Fronteiras, Redes na Diversidade. 999–1022. Santiago de Compostela: AGACOM. Retrieved from https://www.agacom.org/actas-agacom
Malling, M. (2021). Reconstructing the Informal and Invisible: Interactions Between Journalists and Political Sources in Two Countries. Journalism Practice, Ahead-of-print, 1-21. DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2021.1930571
Manning, P. (2013). Financial journalism, news sources and the banking crisis. Journalism, 14(2), 173–189. DOI: 10.1177/1464884912448915
Mazzoni, M., & Barbieri, G. (2014). Grasshoppers Against Ants or Malfunctions of Capitalism? The representation of the European Economic Crisis in the Main Italian Newspapers. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 15(2), 238–253. DOI: 10.1080/15705854.2014.885770
Mercille, J. (2014). The role of the media in fiscal consolidation programmes: The case of Ireland. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38, 281–300. DOI: 10.1093/cje/bet068
Mills, C. W. (1956). The Power Elite. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mylonas, Y. (2012). Media and the economic crisis of the EU: The ‘culturalization’ of a systemic crisis and Bild Zeitung’s framing of Greece. Triple C, 10(2), 646–671. DOI: 10.31269/triplec.v10i2.380
Mylonas, Y. (2014). Crisis, austerity and opposition in mainstream media discourses of Greece. Critical Discourse Studies, 11(3), 305–321. DOI: 10.1080/17405904.2014.915862
Mylonas, Y. (2015). Austerity Discourses in ‘Der Spiegel’ Journal, 2009-2014. Triple C, 13(1), 248–269. DOI: 10.31269/triplec.v13i2.673
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
OJD (Oficina de Justificación de la Difusión) (2016). Medios Controlados. Retrieved from https://www.ojd.es/medios-controlados
Preston, P., & Silke, H. (2014). Ireland—From Neoliberal Champion to ‘the Eye of the Storm’. Javnost - The Public, 21(4), 5–23. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2014.11077100
Rafter, K. (2014). Voices in the crisis: The role of media elites in interpreting Ireland’s banking collapse. European Journal of Communication, 29(5), 598–607. DOI: 10.1177/0267323114537787
Reich, Z. (2012). Different practices, similar logic: Comparing newsreporting across political, financial and territorial beats. International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(1), 76–99. DOI: 10.1177/1940161211420868
Rios-Rodríguez, R. (2019). O tratamento mediático da crise económica: Umha legitimaçom da resposta política neoliberal? Análise de El País e La Voz de Galicia (2008-2015) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela.
Robertson, J. W. (2010). The last days of free market hegemony? UK TV news coverage of economic issues in spring 2008. Media, Culture & Society, 32(3), 517–529. DOI: 10.1177/0163443710361659
Schifferes, S. (2011). The financial crisis and the UK media. In A. Schiffrin (Ed.), Bad News: How America’s Business Press Missed the Story of the Century (pp. 148–178). New York: New York Press.
Schiffrin, A., & Fagan, R. (2012). Are we all Keynesians now? The US Press and the America Recovery Act of 2009. Journalism, 14(2), 151–172. DOI: 10.1177/1464884912458663
Seoane, M. C., & Sueiro, S. (2004). Una historia de El País y del Grupo Prisa. Barberà del Vallès (Barcelona): Plaza Janés.
Silke, H. (2015). Ideology, class, crisis and power: The representation of economic crisis and political policy in Ireland (2007-2009) (Doctoral Dissertation). Dublin City University - School of Communications, Dublin. Retrieved from http://doras.dcu.ie/20427/
Tambini, D. (2010). What are financial journalists for? Journalism Studies, 11(2), 158–174. DOI: 10.1080/14616700903378661
Thompson, P. A. (2013b). Invested interests? Reflexivity, representation and reporting in financial markets. Journalism, 14(2), 208–227. DOI: 10.1177/1464884912474201
Tracy, J. F. (2012). Covering ‘Financial Terrorism’. The Greek debt crisis in US new media. Journalism Practice, 6(4), 513–529. DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2011.633789
Vara, A. (2004). Naturaleza y retos actuales de la información económica. In C. Sanz et al. (Coords.): Prensa y periodismo especializado (Congreso, Prensa y periodismo especializado, Guadalajara, 2004) (pp. 101–109). Guadalajara: Editores del Henares.
Wren-Lewis, S. (2018). ‘Mediamacro’. Why the news media ignores economic experts. In L. Basu, S. Schifferes, & S. Knowles (Eds.), The Media and Austerity: Comparative perspectives (pp. 170–182). London: Routledge.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Brazilian Journalism Research